Study Of The Immune System – Scientists at the University have found a way to “correct” the immune response to viral infection at the level of individual T cells.
T cells play a key role in how the body responds to infection – and have become a key topic for scientists during the COVID-19 pandemic as they search for ways to kill the SARS virus -CoV-2.
Study Of The Immune System
In this study, the researchers revealed more about how these cells and their receptors work, which can help vaccine designers to perfect the immune response.
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Lead author Dr Mathew Clement, research assistant from the University’s School of Medicine, said: “Our research suggests that the immune system can be specifically altered – or fine-tuned – in conditions of T cells to produce an effective immune response. possible. – but although it is important to avoid any damage to the body, a process known as autoimmunity.
“We’ve all seen how important vaccines are in the fight against COVID-19 – our work can help in the effort to create the most effective T-cell vaccine possible that delivers the right response strength of ‘ immune system; it is not so weak that it can be made ineffective but it is also not so strong that it can hurt the body.
The study highlights the role of a protein called CD8, which is a T cell-co-receptor important for regulating an effective immune response to an invading virus.
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The research team’s goal was to find a way to make T cells more effective against a wide range of pathogens and viruses with CD8 but avoid causing damage to the host. In fact, the more types of targets that a T-cell can recognize and react against, the greater the risk of immunity.
In this study, the team describes a method that solves this confusion by showing how CD8 can allow individual T cells to focus on a specific target without driving autoimmunity.
Dr Hugo van den Berg, senior author of the study from the University of Warwick’s Institute of Mathematics, said the data showed for the first time “a predicted event based on mathematical calculations”.
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Researchers have used different disease targets in the laboratory and modified CD8 while monitoring immune responses. Targeting the CD8 receptor has allowed them to “tune” the immune response against various disease targets – without changing the structure of this important receptor.
“Our research suggests that the immune system can be specifically modified to function at the T cell level to allow the T cell to do its job and kill invading pathogens while protecting the host. he is not facing an ongoing immune response,” said Dr Clement. .
This study was funded by the Wellcome Trust. In the future, researchers would like to continue to study the role of CD8 T cells in infectious diseases, especially in the field of Neuro-immunology research. Dr Clement will use the knowledge presented here to help us understand how the immune system can strongly influence the onset and progression of neuropsychiatric diseases – the leading cause of death in the UK. The ISB-Swedish Immune Response Study has revealed new findings that suggest that treatments aimed at treating moderate-to-severe infections may be more effective. Symptoms of COVID-19 vary widely, from very mild cases to severe cases requiring ICU care. Researchers studied a large number of patients in the week following a COVID-19 diagnosis, and found that mild COVID-19 is very different from moderate or severe forms of the disease, which look remarkably similar. .
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For moderate and severe cases of COVID-19, the team found that there is a type of war, where inflammation promotes a strong immune response, however, more nutrients are needed for building that reaction are finished. . This leads to abnormal and ineffective immune responses.
A paper detailing these findings has been accepted by Cell, and has been published online. The study was led by ISB and Swedish, with the help of Merck (known as MSD outside the US and Canada), BARDA, and several other organizations and companies (listed below).
“These results have practical implications for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Since patients with moderate disease have not yet developed end-organ damage, our data provide with the opinion that at the beginning of the disease it would be a good time to intervene with different treatment methods to prevent the differences in the immune system, protein and metabolites that are more serious. disease,” said Dr. Jason Goldman of Sweden, who is the clinical lead for the study. “Our translational data are consistent with data from randomized controlled trials, which have shown significant benefits from antiviral treatments given early. . These data also provide interesting insights into targeting host-targeted therapies, or even nutritional supplements. “
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The research team analyzed large amounts of blood from 139 COVID-19 patients of all levels, from patients recovering at home to intensive care and ICU patients. From each blood sample, they measured thousands of proteins and metabolites to capture the environment of the immune system. They also measured thousands of genes and proteins from the immune cells. Finally, they used new computer techniques to combine all these observations to provide a unified view of the spread of COVID-19 in the week following the first test.
“This is what we mean by ‘systems biology’ – measuring in detail every part of the whole system, and then using computational methods to put them back together,” said ISB President, Dr. Jim Heath, who was the scientific leader of the study.
“The tools provided in this work can provide high value for developing new therapies that can target metabolite starvation, immune dysfunction, or blood clotting, all of which we see they occur with a moderate rate of death,” said Dr. Yapeng Su. ISB. researcher and lead author on the study.
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“This important and comprehensive study, in which Merck was proud to participate, demonstrates the power of an integrative biology approach to dissect the complexity of molecular and cellular responses in patients with COVID-19,” said Dr. Roger M Perlmutter, President. of Merck Research Laboratories. As we hoped, the analysis describes a possible point of intervention in the development of the disease of COVID-19, which may soon allow the development of more effective treatments, aimed at them.”
Immune Response Study for COVID-19 includes ISB, Sweden, Merck, Stanford University, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Bloodworks Northwest, Gilead, Isoplexis, Metabolon, Nanostring, Olink , Providence Molecular Genomics Laboratory, Scisco Genetics and 10x Genomics.
Funding for this project comes from Merck and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Wilke Family Foundation, MJ Murdock Charitable Trust, Swedish Medical Center Foundation, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Gilead, Novartis, Amazon Web Services. . , Omeros, the Washington State Andy Hill CARE Fund, the Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health.
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Australian researchers said on Tuesday that they have mapped the body’s response to the new coronavirus, in a possible breakthrough in the fight against the world’s killer.
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A team of scientists was able to test blood samples from a patient who was infected with COVID-19 and was hospitalized with moderate symptoms.
The authors of the study, published in the journal Nature Medicine, said it was the first time experts mapped the immune response to the new disease.
“We saw a strong immune response that led to recovery,” Katherine Kedzierska, from the University of Melbourne’s Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, told AFP.
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“We noticed an immune response but he was still sick, and three days later the patient recovered.”
Researchers are in a race to find a vaccine for the new coronavirus, which as of 0900 GMT on Tuesday has registered more than 180,000 infections and more than 7,000 deaths.
“We have proven results in many patients with moderate disease. Now we can ask the question: what is different or missing in people with disease?”
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