Words Early Dictionaries Dont Exist

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Dictionaries are generally thought of as value neutral. But they are just as steeped in culture and prejudice as the rest of the world, and they can shape what we consider “normal.”

Words Early Dictionaries Dont Exist

Tweeting about US politics. Looking up the word in the dictionary on her MacBook, she noticed that the example given as a definition was the phrase “angry feminist.” Oman-Reagan tweeted at Oxford Dictionaries, which provides content for MacBook dictionaries: “Hey @OxfordWords, why is ‘angry feminist’ an example of using the word ‘anger’ in your dictionary? can it change?’ Oxford’s reaction on social networks was derisive. “If there was only one word to describe how much feminism you feel,” suggesting that Ohman-Reagan was also an “angry feminist.”

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Frustrated, Oman-Reagan dug deeper into her computer dictionary and found a pervasive pattern of sexism. Down

“I’ll never really understand female psychology.” Examples of occupations are often gendered in an outdated way to illustrate the definition

With the #OxfordSexism hashtag buzzing on Twitter, media around the English-speaking world began covering the story, followed by articles in Swedish, Indonesian, Dutch and more. Oman-Reagan helped draw attention to the tweets of Sara Shulist and Lavanya Murali Proctor (the other contributors to this article), both anthropologists: Shulist with expertise in language and vocabulary and Proctor with expertise in language and gender. Both Oman-Reagan and Schulist spoke to the press. After the case went viral, Oman-Reagan also discovered that she was not the first to notice this pattern in Oxford Dictionaries; A year and a half ago, in 2014, poet Nordette Adams blogged about Oxford Dictionaries using “angry feminist.” ”, but received limited attention.

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While most media reports supported the feminist viewpoint, a large number of commenters on Twitter and various blogs were hostile to it. The debate was not limited to a few words. It was about much deeper issues of sexism in language and linguistic authority; how dictionaries are understood, the nature and creation of meanings, and linguistic truths. Is the description of a high-pitched female voice sexy or just accurate? Are dictionaries an objective, neutral reflection of language use, or do they help reinforce sexism?

Many online commentators defending the work of Oxford Dictionaries have relied on a ‘descriptive ethos’; they argue that dictionaries merely describe how language is used, they do not describe how it is used.

Used. The dictionary includes words because they are commonly used, not because it seeks to legitimize, endorse, or encourage particular ways of using them; therefore, dictionaries contain everything from the most offensive profanity to modern slang

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Like the inclusion of words and their definitions, example sentences and phrases are simply intended to reflect usage. As Catherine Connor Martin, Head of American Dictionaries at Oxford University Press, explained on the Oxford Dictionaries blog, their published examples were not written by the dictionary compilers; they come from web pages, novels, newspaper articles, academic journals, blog posts, and e-mails. from a huge collection of letters that make up a pile of about 2.5 billion words. Oxford Dictionaries uses software to determine the “most common way” a word is used, so dictionary compilers can choose the best examples.

But there is something circular about the descriptive argument, as noted in a New Yorker article on the debate: “Lexicographers claim that the words and meanings they add to the dictionary have already been approved by users, but for the public by putting a word in the dictionary; the dictionary is what legitimizes them,” the author wrote. As feminist linguist Deborah Cameron of the University of Oxford noted on her blog when

In 2015, advocates on their lists hailed the move as proof that the word and all the implications behind it mattered; that it is a way of “making the language more inclusive”.

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People rarely question the authority of dictionaries, and the name Oxford University Press has a special meaning. Oxford Dictionaries provides the default dictionary used by iOS and Android operating systems, as well as by Apple and Google apps. The press also publishes the leading historical dictionary of the English language, so called

Oxford’s reputation takes on added strength in a world where the dictionary is not just a heavy, bulky tome, but an easily accessible app that automatically downloads to smartphones and tablets.

Every time we turn to a dictionary to illustrate a point or prove that we understand the “true” and “accurate” meaning of a word or phrase, we reinforce the dictionary’s power as a provider of truth. It’s easy to claim that women’s voices are real

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If there was only one word to describe how strongly you feel about feminism… https://t.co/mAsmjUBoOs — Oxford Languages‎ (@OxLanguages) January 22, 2016

Although this idea has been criticized for decades, the dominant Western construction of “truth” still revolves around the notion of a neutral, outside observer. Society seems to perceive dictionaries as “unsocial”, that is, careless of society’s attitudes and free of cultural baggage. However, it is impossible for any text to exist outside of society, as both its creation and use are colored by cultural expectations, beliefs, and practices. Real people rooted in cultural contexts construct the dictionary, read it, and interact with it. Presumably, neutral example sentences and phrases arise from these roots and reflect what dictionary creators consider “normal”.

Some commentators in this debate have countered that these particular examples are not only repetitions of the language used, but are not even sexist. They were just real descriptions of a world where women’s voices really do exist

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Even if dictionaries are true representations of the real world, the choice of examples as a whole has an undeniable impact. It’s hard to make a convincing argument that a dictionary that repeatedly refers to secretaries and bakers employed by mothers fails to reveal and reinforce sexist bias. The Oxford Dictionaries apps only use a small number of examples for each word (although the web version sometimes has 20 or more). Given that these are intended as examples

Ultimately, Martin of Oxford Dictionaries apologized for using the term “angry feminist”, saying it was “an ill-chosen example, as the controversial and non-political nature of the example defeats the purpose of describing and explaining the meaning of the dictionary”. . He noted that other wording, such as “angry extremist” or “angry fan,” would work better. Oxford has changed this example sentence on the Oxford Dictionaries website, and has also silently attributed many other examples:

The old pattern is still there, offset by the new phrase “his cheerful, confrontational personality”. It will take some time to update dictionary versions that work with commonly used applications and operating systems.

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Martin writes that the best examples of word usage are “so common that they are boring.” But the fact that sexism is creeping into normalized, everyday space is exactly what’s so troubling. From a feminist perspective, examples of blatant sexism may be everywhere, but they are far from boring. The people who decide what goes into a dictionary can define more than just such terms

Michael P. Oman-Reagan is a Vanier Scholar and Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Anthropology at Memorial University of Newfoundland. for Masters from Hunter College, City University

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