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And often referred to simply as Dante (/ ˈ d ɑː n teɪ, ˈ d æ n teɪ, ˈ d æ n t i /,
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It is widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the Middle Ages and the greatest work of literature in the Italian language.
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Dante is known to introduce a national language into literature when most of his poetry was written in Latin, which was only available to the most educated readers. He de vulgari eloqutia (On eloquence in the mother tongue) is one of the first scholars to defses the mother tongue. His use of the Florinian language in works such as New Life (1295) and Divine Comedy helped establish the language of the modern standard. His work set a precedent that would later be followed by important Italian writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio.
Dante played a key role in the creation of Italian literature. His representations of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven have inspired much of Western art and literature.
He is said to have influenced famous writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Milton, and Alfred Tnyson among others. In addition, he is credited with the first use of an overlapping three-line rhyme pattern, or terza rima. He has been described as the “father” of the Italian language,
And in Italy he is often called il Sommo Poeta (“Supreme Poet”). Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio are also known as the tre corone (“three crowns”) of Italian literature.
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Dante was born in Florek, the Republic of Florka, in today’s Italy. His exact date of birth is unknown, although it is commonly believed to be around 1265.
This can be deduced from the autobiographical allusions in the Divine Comedy. Its first part, Inferno, begins with “Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita” (“Halfway through our life”), suggesting that Dante was about 35 years old because his life expectancy according to the Bible (Psalm 89). : 10, Vulgate) is 70 years old; And since his imaginary journey into the world took place in 1300, he was probably born around 1265. Some verses from the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy also give a possible hint that he was born under the sign of Gemini: “As I turned. With the eternal twins, I have seen the layers of grass that make us so cruel extend from the hills to the reservoirs ”(XXII 151-154). In 1265, the Sun was in Gemini between May 11 (Julian Caldar and June 11).
Dante Alighieri, attributed to Giott, in the church of the Bargello palace in Florce. This oldest portrait of Dante was painted before his exile and restored.
Dante claims that his family was separated from the ancient Romans (Inferno, XV, 76), but the first relative he can name is Cacciaguida degli Elisei (Paradiso, XV, 135), born no earlier than around 1100. Dante’s father, Alighiero. di Bellincione,
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It was the White Guelphs who were not avenged after the Ghibellines won the Battle of Montaperti in the mid-13th century. This suggests that Alighiero or his family may have enjoyed some honor and protected status, although some have suggested that the politically inactive Alighiero was of such low status, that he was not considered an exile.
Dante’s family was loyal to the Guelphs, a political alliance that supported the papacy and was engaged in the complex struggle against the Ghibellines, supported by the Holy Roman Emperor. The poet’s mother is Bella, probably from the Abati family.
She died when Dante was not yet one year old. His father Alighiero soon remarried to Lapa di Chiarissimo Ciauffi. It is uncertain whether he actually married her, as the widows were socially limited in this regard, but she certainly gave birth to two children, Dante’s brother and sister, Francesco, and a half-sister Tana (Gaetana).
Dante says he first met Beatrice Portinari, daughter of Folco Portinari, when he was nine (she was eight),
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And he claims he fell in love with her “at first sight” without talking to her, of course.
However, when he was 12, he was promised a marriage to Gemma di Manetto Donati, daughter of Manetto Donati, a member of the powerful Donati family.
Marriage contracts for young children are quite common and involve a formal ceremony, including a contract signed before a notary.
Dante claims to be with Beatrice often after the age of 18, exchanging greetings with her in the streets of Florka, although he never knew her well.
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The year after marrying Gemma, he claims to have met Beatrice again; He wrote many hymns to Beatrice, but never mentioned Gemma in any of his poems. In her divine comedy, she references other Donati accounts, notably Forese and Piccarda. The exact date of his marriage is unknown; The only certain information is that before his exile in 1301, he and Gemma raised three children (Pietro, Jacopo and Antonia).
This victory brought about the reform of the Florida constitution. To participate in public life, you have to join many of the city’s artisans or craft guilds, so Dante moved to the Doctors & Pharmacists Guild. In the years that followed, his name is recorded from time to time as speaking or voting at various assemblies of the Republic. However, much of the minutes of that meeting between 1298-1300 was lost, so Dante’s actual participation in the city council is uncertain.
Little is known about Dante’s education; Presumably, he studied at home or in a chapter school at the church or monastery in Florce. It is known that he studied Tuscan poetry and admired the work of the Bologna poet Guido Guinizelli – in Purgatorio XXVI he presented him as his “father” – then the Sicilian school (Scuola poetica Siciliana), the cultural group he comes from. Sicily became famous in Tuscany. He also discovered Provencal poetry by troubadours such as Arnaut Daniel, and Latin writers of antiquity, incl. Cicero, Ovid, and especially Virgil.
Dante’s relationship with Beatrice is an example of the so-called courtly love that Phomon developed in the French-Provencal poetry of previous history. Dante’s experience of such love is typical, but his expression is unique. It was in the name of this love that Dante abandoned his impression of dolce stil novo (“sweet new style”, a term coined by Dante himself) and joined other contemporary poets and writers in the search for a character that had never been emphasized before. love (Amore). His love for Beatrice (as Petrarch would have expressed otherwise for Laura) will be his reason to write poetry and life, along with his political passions. In many of his poems she is depicted as semi-divine, constantly watching over him and giving him spiritual advice, sometimes strict. When Beatrice died in 1290, Dante sought refuge in Latin literature.
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He then devoted himself to studying philosophy at a religious school such as the Dominican one in Santa Maria Novella. He was involved in the controversy that the two major Mexican orders (Franciscan and Dominican) held publicly or indirectly in Florka were the first to explain the teachings of mystics and St. Bonavture, finally explaining St. Thomas Aquinas.
At 18, Dante meets Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia, and then Brunetto Latini; Together, they became leaders of dolce stil novo. Later, Brunetto received a special mention in The Divine Comedy (Hell, XV, 28) for what he taught Dante: It was quite a reason I went with Ser Brunetto and asked who his best and most famous friend was.
About 50 of Dante’s poetic comets are known (so-called rhymes, rhymes), others were later found in Vita Nuova and Convivio. Other studies are reported on or inferred from Vita Nuova or Comedy on painting and music.
Dante, like most Flortines of his time, was involved in the Guelph – Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289) with the Florida guelphs against the ghibellines of Arezzo;
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In 1294 he was one of the guardians of Karol Martel Andegaweński (grandson of Charles I of Anjou) during his stay in Florek. To pursue a political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to act as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the Corporazioni delle Arti e dei Mestieri, so Dante was admitted to the Guild of Pharmacists. This profession was not suitable as books were sold at drugstores at that time. As a politician, he achieved little success, but for several years he held various offices in a city full of political unrest.
After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs split into two groups: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi) – Dante’s party, led by Vieri dei Cerchi – and the Black Guelphs (Guelfi Neri), led by Corso Donati. Although the share is
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