Historical Photos – When did the Spanish flu start? What happened to the “Lindberg baby”? And why did Mary I order the execution of Thomas Cranmer? Here, Dominic Sandbrook explores ten historic events that took place in March…
Ten most famous March events in history, from the Great Escape to the opening of the Eiffel Tower…
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On the night of March 1, 1932, pioneer aviator Charles Lindbergh was at home in New Jersey with his wife, Anna, and 20-month-old son, Charles Jr. crib About two hours later, Charles heard a noise that he thought was like a broken cage, but didn’t think much of it.
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Then, at 10 p.m., the nanny, frantic with worry, reported the baby missing. In his bedroom, Charles finds a handwritten, misspelled note: “My dear sir! You have $50000 in red $25000 in $20 bills $15000 in $10 bills and $10000 in $5 bills… You are warned against doing anything in public or notifying the Police. The child is in bowel care.”
Thus began one of the most tragic cases in American criminal history. Amid the massive publicity, people quickly flocked to the Lindbergh estate, ruining any chance of finding any trace. Amateur detectives, the military, and even Chicago mobsters offered their help. More ransom notes arrived. In early April, Lindbergh delivered $50,000 to the kidnapper through an intermediary. But no baby.
Then, on May 12, a truck driver found the body of a child in the woods near Lindbergh’s home. This is little Charles. Two years later, the police arrested a German-born carpenter, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, who had a history of theft and whose garage contained notes from the ransom money. Protesting his innocence, he went to the electric chair. But many observers are convinced that he definitely has help. And for novelist Agatha Christie, the case inspired one of her greatest books,
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In the early days of 537 AD, the people of Rome were nervously awaiting the attack. Once the capital of the world’s greatest empire, now a dirty, ruined shadow, the ancient city has long since ceded its role to Constantinople.
In the fifth century it fell to the Goths, but at the end of 536 it was recovered by Constantinople’s greatest general, Belisarius. But since Belisarius only had a few thousand men, he knew he faced a fight to hold it.
Finally, on the second day of March, the enemy revealed himself. From seven large camps overlooking the main gates of the city, the Goths began their siege of Rome. Equipped with massive siege engines, their armies were 10 times larger than Belisarius’s small band. But even as the city began to starve, Belisarius refused to panic. His secretary, Procopius, even recorded that the general laughed at the sight of the great siege towers of the Goths. He knew reinforcements were coming: all he had to do was wait.
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When peace talks broke down, Belisarius took the initiative, sending his general John to capture the cities behind the Goths. About 374 days after the siege began, word reached the Goths that Rimini had fallen, leaving John only a day’s march from their capital, Ravenna.
As smoke rose from the Goth camps, Belisarius knew his gamble had paid off. He waited until half of the retreating Gothic forces had crossed the Milvian Bridge and then ordered his troops out of the city. They killed thousands of Goths and drowned many more. Belisarius won. Today, Rome remains Roman.
When Private Albert Gitzel woke up on Monday, March 4, 1918, he felt a sense of dread. A company cook at Fort Riley, Kansas, Gitzel allegedly served breakfast to hundreds of young American recruits, who were waiting to be sent to the battlefields of France. But when the doctors looked at him, they realized that, with a temperature of more than 103 degrees, Gitzel was unable to work in the mess.
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Hours later, another man, Corporal Lee Drake, showed up at the doctor’s office with similar symptoms. Then another, Sergeant Adolph Hurby. Still, the men kept coming: there were 107 by midday and more than 500 by the end of the week. By the end of the month, at least 1,127 men at Fort Riley had contracted the flu – and 46 of them had died.
In the following months, as American soldiers flooded Europe, they brought with them the deadly flu. With massive armies marching across an exhausted continent, the conditions are perfect for a pandemic. It was one of the deadliest disasters in history. Worldwide, about 500 million people were stricken with influenza in the late 1920s, perhaps 100 million of them fatally.
Many governments banned public gatherings or buried the victims in mass funerals. Reporting restrictions in belligerent countries meant that the development of the disease in neutral Spain received disproportionate attention: hence its nickname, Spanish flu. Only one inhabited part of the world has reported no cases: the island of Marajo, at the mouth of the Amazon.
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In the spring of 1946, Winston Churchill arrived in Fulton, Missouri. The small Midwestern town seemed an unlikely destination for the man who, until last summer, ruled the world’s largest empire. But Churchill, rejected by the British electorate, was in limbo. When President Harry Truman invited him to give a lecture at a small college in his home state, Churchill saw it as an opportunity to revive his reputation in America.
Churchill and Truman traveled to Fulton by train, and on the way the president read a draft of the former prime minister’s speech. It was, he declared, very good. But when Churchill stood on March 5, in the main gymnasium of Westminster College, few expected his words to repeat themselves in history.
A shadow, he explained, had fallen “over scenes that had only recently been illuminated by Allied victory” – thanks largely to Stalin’s Soviet Union. “From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic,” he declared, “an iron curtain descended across the continent.” Because of this, Anglo-American cooperation is even more important. Theirs, Churchill added, was a “special relationship”.
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Churchill was not the first person to use the words ‘iron curtain’, but he may be the most famous. After that day in Fulton, there was no doubt that the alliance between Stalin’s Soviet Union and the two major Western powers was over – and the Cold War had begun.
Even in the dim parade of Roman emperors, Elagavalos stood out. Born into the Severan Imperial Dynasty in 203 AD, he was elevated to supreme power in his early youth and soon began to stir up controversy.
To the horror of the Roman elite, their teenage emperor – whose real name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus – enrolled in the cult of the Syrian sun god Elagavalus, after which he now named himself. Once an emperor, he renamed his god Deus Sol Invictus – the Unconquerable Sun God – and installed him at the head of the Roman pantheon. He then proclaimed himself high priest, publicly circumcised himself, and watched the great men of the city as he danced around the new altar of the Sun.
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Meanwhile, Elagabalus’ sexual behavior raises eyebrows throughout the city. Altogether he married and divorced five women, but his main relationships seem to be with a charioteer, a male slave called Hierocles, and an athlete from Asia Minor called Zoticus. According to rumor, the emperor “set aside a room in the palace and there committed his lewdness, always standing naked at the door of the room, as harlots do … while in a soft and melting voice he begged to the passers-by. “If the doctor can give him a female genitalia, he says he will give him wealth.
Eventually, the Praetorian garrison, disgusted by their emperor’s excesses, switched their allegiance to Severus’ cousin Alexander and turned against Elagavalus.
As the historian Cassius Dio recorded, there was no mercy for Elagabalus or his mother: “They cut off their heads and bodies, after stripping them, first dragged them around the city, and then threw the mother’s body . side by side. or others, while his was thrown into the river.’
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In the early 1550s, Thomas Cranmer claimed to be one of the most influential men in English history.
As archbishop of Canterbury, he laid the foundations for the new Church of England, attacking monasticism and the doctrine of the Mass, compiling the Book of Common Prayer and establishing the king, not the pope, as head of the church. But when the Catholic Mary succeeded her brother, the young Edward VI in 1553, Cranmer was in trouble. Arrested that fall, he publicly recanted in an attempt to save his skin. But it’s not good. Although he had renounced all his Protestant views, Mary wanted to burn him.
On March 21, 1556, the day scheduled for his execution, Cranmer was ordered to make a final abduction in University Church, Oxford. He wrote himself
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