Major Function Of Immune System – The immune system is like a machine that is always “on” to protect the body against dangerous infections (foreign invaders). But like any car, it needs fuel to run. Fats for the immune system are a sufficient source of nutrients to increase its activity.
But, do you know how the immune system works and ultimately protects us from bacterial and viral infections? Our infographic tells you how and covers two key points in this regard:
Major Function Of Immune System
To understand the importance of the immune system, imagine again that you don’t have or have a weak immune system (doesn’t work well)? What exactly will happen?
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When our body is working well, we do not recognize the immune system, but the consequences when your body stops working can be very severe in nature, whether it is the inability to fight germs or fight viruses and bacteria. I had never heard anything before, which in itself tells us the importance of the immune system.
You will also notice that they tend to have more allergic reactions. This is because the immune system also controls inflammation. When the system itself that is supposed to protect you is not working strong enough, your body mistakes healthy organs and cells for invaders and starts attacking them, causing dangerous autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, arthritis, Lupus and many other things.
Innate immunity – This branch provides general protection against common pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or other microbes, another reason why it is also known as the non-specific immune system.
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Adaptive Immune – This branch of the immune system is more responsive in nature, as it targets any incoming threat by learning how to specifically respond to whatever virus or bacteria the body has previously encountered.
With today’s lifestyle, high levels of stress and increased exposure to environmental pollution have become commonplace, but the impact this can have on the immune system can be significant. A weak immune system can increase the chance of getting viral and bacterial infections. Read more…
Gut health is absolutely essential to a person’s health and well-being. In fact, nothing disrupts our daily experiences and routines more than a dysfunctional digestive system. There is even a common saying, “I have a gut feeling” Read more… The immune system has innate and adaptive immune responses. Natural immunity usually occurs due to genetic or psychological factors. It is not transmitted by infection or vaccination, but works to reduce the workload on the immune response. The innate and adaptive levels of the immune response involve secreted proteins, receptor-mediated signals, and complex cell-to-cell communication. The innate immune system developed early in animal evolution, about one billion years ago, as a necessary response to infection. Innate immunity has a limited number of specific targets: each pathogen threat triggers a fixed sequence of events that can recognize the pathogen and either independently clear the infection or stimulate a specific adaptive immune response. For example, tears and mucous secretions contain insecticidal agents.
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Before any immune factor is developed, the skin acts as a continuous and impermeable barrier against potentially infectious microbes. Pathogens are killed or deactivated on the skin by desiccation (drying) and acidification of the skin. In addition, the beneficial microbes on the skin compete with invading microbes and prevent infections. Areas of the body that are not protected by the skin (such as the eyes and mucous membranes) have alternative defense mechanisms, such as tears and mucus that trap and wash away pathogens, and cilia in the nasal passages and airways. pressure on the body. Mucus and pathogenic agents are removed from the body. Throughout the body, there are other defenses, such as the low pH of the stomach (which prevents the growth of parasites), blood proteins that bind and destroy bacterial cell membranes, and the process of urination (which removes pathogens from the urinary tract) . .
Despite these restrictions, pathogens can enter the body through skin punctures or punctures or by accumulating on mucosal surfaces in large numbers that exceed the mucosa or cilia. Some parasites have developed special mechanisms that enable them to overcome physical and chemical barriers. When pathogens enter the body, the innate immune system responds by inflammation, engulfing the pathogen, and secreting immune factors and proteins.
Infection can be intracellular or extracellular depending on the pathogen. All viruses infect cells and reproduce intracellularly, while bacteria and other parasites can reproduce intracellularly or extracellularly, depending on the species. The innate immune system must respond appropriately: by recognizing the extracellular pathogen and/or by recognizing already infected host cells. When a pathogen enters the body, blood and lymph cells recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of the pathogen. PAMPs are carbohydrate, polypeptide, and nucleic acid “signatures” that are expressed by viruses, bacteria, and parasites but differ from cellular molecules. The immune system consists of specialized cells, described in Figure 23.2 and shown in Figure 23.3, as well as receptors that recognize these PAMPs. Macrophage is a large phagocytic cell that engulfs foreign particles and pathogens. Macrophages recognize PAMPs through complement pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are molecules on macrophages and dendritic cells that communicate with the external environment. Monocytes are a type of white blood cells that circulate in the blood and lymph and differentiate into macrophages after being transferred to infected tissues. Dendritic cells bind to the pathogen’s molecular signatures and cause the engulfment and destruction of the pathogen. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of PRR that recognize molecules shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules. TLRs are present in invertebrates as well as vertebrates and appear to be one of the oldest components of the immune system. TLRs have also been identified in the mammalian nervous system.
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Figure 23.2. The characteristics and location of the cells involved in the innate immune system are described. (Credit: Work modified by NIH)
Figure 23.3. Blood cells include (1) monocytes, (2) lymphocytes, (3) neutrophils, (4) red blood cells, and (5) platelets. Note the similar morphology of leukocytes (1, 2, 3). (Credits: Editing by Bruce Wetzel, Harry Shafer, NCI; bar data by Matt Russell)
PRR binding to PAMPs triggers the release of cytokines that signal that the pathogen is present and must be destroyed along with any infected cells. A cytokine is a chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation (form and function), proliferation (production), and gene expression to influence the immune response. There are at least 40 types of cytokines in humans, which differ in the type of cell that produces them, the type of cell that responds, and the changes they cause. One type of cytokine, interferon, is shown in Figure 23.4.
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A subtype of cytokine is interleukin (IL), so named because it mediates interactions between leukocytes (white blood cells). Interleukins play a role in suppressing innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition to being released from cells during PAMP recognition, cytokines are released by infected cells that bind to nearby uninfected cells, causing those cells to release cytokines, leading to a cytokine burst.
The second group of early cytokines are interferons, which are released by infected cells as a warning to nearby uninfected cells. One of the functions of interferon is to prevent the reproduction of viruses. They also have other important functions such as tumor detection. Interferons work by signaling uninfected neighboring cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis, signaling infected neighboring cells through apoptosis (programmed cell death), and activating immune cells.
In response to interferon, uninfected cells change their gene expression, which increases the cell’s resistance to infection. One of the effects of interferon-induced gene expression is a rapid decrease in cellular protein synthesis. Virus-infected cells produce more virus by synthesizing large amounts of viral proteins. Thus, by reducing protein synthesis, the cell becomes resistant to viral infections.
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Figure 23.4. Interferon is a cytokine released by a cell infected with a virus. The response of neighboring cells to interferon helps prevent infection.
The first cytokines produced are pro-inflammatory. That is, they stimulate inflammation, local redness, swelling, heat and pain caused by the movement of leukocytes and water through the capillaries that penetrate the site of infection. The number of leukocytes arriving at the site of infection depends on the nature of the infecting pathogen. Both macrophages and dendritic cells take up pathogens and cellular debris through phagocytosis. Neutrophils are also phagocytic leukocytes that ingest and digest pathogens. Neutrophils, shown in Figure 23.3, are the most abundant leukocytes of the immune system. Neutrophils have a two- to five-lobed nucleus and contain cells called lysosomes that digest pathogens. Eosinophils are leukocytes that work with other eosinophils to surround pathogens. Participating in allergic responses and protection against parasitic worms (parasitic worms).
Neutrophils and eosinophils are important leukocytes that engulf large pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. the mast
Week 16 Immune System And Health Standards
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