What Animal Has The Strongest Legs

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The armadillo’s armor inspired the development of materials that could be used to make flexible armor for people.

What Animal Has The Strongest Legs

If you’ve seen Best Picture contender Black Panther before this weekend’s Academy Awards, you might have marveled at the title character’s vibranium suit. It’s the coolest armor ever.

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Except, perhaps, some animals do their work. Shells, exoskeletons, scales – it makes us wonder about these super suits in real life. How strong are they?

Despite reports of bullets ricocheting off armadillos, these creatures are not bulletproof. Their shells are made of bony plates called osteoderms that grow on the skin. They are loosely jointed for flexibility and covered with a layer of keratin, the protein that makes up hair, nails and horns, says Mariela Superina, chair of the IUCN Ants, Sloths and Armadillos Specialist Group, by email.

“The shell protects armadillos from thorn bushes, under which they can hide from predators,” he says. But even if a predator like a dog or a raptor approaches them, they can break the shell very easily. Think of his armor more like a hard-shell suitcase than a bulletproof vest.

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However, the armadillo’s segmented osteoderms inspired researchers at McGill University in Montreal to create a protective material from glass plates segmented into hexagons and placed on a soft substrate. The material proved to be 70 percent more puncture resistant than a continuous plate of the same thickness.

This spongy gastropod lives in a shell that resembles a “brick and mortar structure,” says Mark Meyers of the Jacobs School of Engineering at the University of California, San Diego. Meyers began studying animals as models for the development of armor 20 years ago for the US military.

Abalone forms numerous layers of calcium carbonate (gypsum) plates, about two-hundredths the width of a human hair and bound together with a glue-like protein. Although plaster can break, the abalone shell sets it like bricks, making it hard. And the protein, the “mortar,” allows the plates to slide so the shell can absorb impact without breaking.

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Meyers and the team hope that a better understanding of how the abalone shell structure works can help develop better bulletproof body armor for soldiers and police.

“Arapaima is the equivalent of a battleship’s swimming pool,” Meyers says of these giant freshwater fish. They grow up to 10 feet long and can live in close quarters with piranhas in the Amazon’s seasonal lakes, without fearing piranha’s enormous chompers.

Meyers and his team discovered that Arapaima’s armor consists of indistinct layers of flexible scales composed of layers of collagen and sealed with a mineralized coating. They invented them by attaching piranha teeth to industrial boreholes and reducing them to arapaima scales surrounded by rubber to mimic fish muscle. Teeth may pass through one layer, but Arapaima has an average of three layers.

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These rigid but flexible scales provide further inspiration to engineers looking to develop better armor. The tough outer layer prevents predators from clinging to the scales, and the collagen gives enough to make a significant impact before breaking down. The wavy surface of the ladder helps it maintain its integrity.

Armored beetles from the southwestern United States and Mexico are so hard that specimens cannot be attached to a board. A drill or hammer is required to drill through this hard body. When threatened, some species retract their legs and antennae into special grooves in their shells, leaving desperate predators outside their ultra-hard fortress of solitude. (Learn why insect populations are declining.)

Iron Beetles are so tough that engineers have studied them to create better military vehicles for combat zones.

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Their thick exoskeleton is made of chitin, a polysaccharide, arranged in such a way that one species, the devil iron beetle, can be hit by a car and still survive. Their shrink-resistant exoskeleton also helps prevent dehydration by providing the ability to collect, transport and store water.

The Armored Beetle’s tough exoskeleton and flexible leg protection served as inspiration for contractor BAE Systems as it developed suspension systems that would better withstand blast damage to military vehicles.

“Pangolins are covered entirely in large, overlapping plates made of keratin,” Superina says. In fact, they are the only known mammals with real scales and are affectionately known as “scaly anteaters”. Stairs look like they might be difficult to handle, but not for these Asian and African cuties.

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Pangolin means “roller” in Malay. When a pangolin feels threatened, it rolls into a ball using its scales as a tough outer armor.

Pangolins, like this black-bellied pangolin in the Democratic Republic of Congo, are the only mammals that have scales.

Its scales, made of keratin, are light but surprisingly resistant to fracture due to the organization of keratin. And when the scales rupture, the cracks are directed away from the underlying soft tissue. Northwestern scientists who published a study on the structure of pangolin scales in 2017 say this understanding could pave the way for body armor designed to overcome cracks.

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The common belief that the human body operates at 98.6°F (37°C) is incorrect, and some evidence suggests that our temperature has decreased over time.

The wavy jet stream, air pollution and changes in the landscape are theories as to why the Southeast has warmed less than other parts of the planet.

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Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Octavius ​​transformed Rome over 2,000 years ago through military might, power plays, and political intrigue. The mustelid’s body is built very low to the ground. It has short legs and a long, flexible spine. There are many variations on this basic design, from a thin welt to a quiver. But they are all designed to catch prey and eat meat.

Many of them have incredibly thin bodies, like the mink featured on these pages. This slim body is great for twisting and turning through heavy brush and also for swimming. But these thin bodies do not handle heat well. This is why mink and other mustylids have the warmest and most luxurious fur coats in the entire animal kingdom.

Mink’s thick, glossy fur reflects almost every color imaginable. The oil that makes the skin waterproof adds shine.

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Some small mustelids often prey on larger animals that overtake them. One of the reasons they are able to kill larger prey is because mustelids have very strong jaws and sharp teeth.

Extremely powerful muscles surround the jaws and skull of the mustelid. This also makes small mustylids, such as mink, incredibly strong. The mink can keep its jaws closed for a long time, so that its prey cannot be separated.

Mustelids have long, pointed canine teeth 1 for catching their prey. Its sharp cheek teeth 2 cut through flesh so it can be swallowed.

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Mink and other mustelids have a peculiar way of running. It’s really like jumping, but it gives them a long stride despite their short legs.

First they push off with both hind legs. Then they stretch into the air and reach far forward with their front legs.

When their front feet touch the ground, they arch their back. This brings the back leg as far forward as possible.

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From this position, they are ready to jump again. With each jump, they make the most of their long bodies.

Most mustelids eat a lot of food, but they don’t gain fat. This is because they are always moving, so they use up all the energy from the food they eat.

Mustelids have the most flexible spines of any mammal in the world. This allows them to bend and twist their bodies as if they were made of rubber.

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For their size, mustilids are probably the strongest of all mammals. As you can see on the left, the mink is almost all muscle. Each animal’s body is suited to its own lifestyle and habitat. Leopards use speed to move quickly on their prey. Wild horses have great endurance because they can escape from their predators.

Turtles don’t need motion. It does not need to chase its food, because it eats plants. It does not need to run away, as it carries its protective shell with it. But not all turtles are the same. Different shell shapes help them survive in different environments.

Shells rising from the front to allow the turtle to stretch its long neck upwards. These turtles live where their food grows the most, and they have to crawl to get it.

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Long strides help animals run faster. The secret of the cheetah’s long stride is its flexible spine. As its spine curves upwards, the cheetah’s hind legs actually reach in front of its front legs. To see how this works, swing the pipe cleaner back and forth. You can bend the ends together and pull back because the pipe cleaner is as flexible as a cheetah’s spine.

A leopard’s claws, like the cleats of a track shoe, dig in

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