What Are The Major Functions Of The Immune System

What Are The Major Functions Of The Immune System – The main functions of the immune system are among the basic homeostatic mechanisms: defense – recognition and protection of pathogens and their toxins; Autoimmunity – tissue recognition and maintenance of tolerance to them; Immunity monitoring – identification and removal of old, damaged and other objects. . Altered cells

3 Antigen (Immunogen) * A substance that the immune system recognizes and reacts to * Usually proteins or polysaccharides (lipids and nucleic acids only in combination with proteins or polysaccharides) * Molecules <5 kDa To initiate an immune response, the immune Cannot produce a reaction. The size of antigen molecules is about 40 kDa.

What Are The Major Functions Of The Immune System

4 occurs * small molecules, only after establishment of specific immune response to macromolecular carrier (various haptens are not immunogens) * conventional drugs (eg penicillin antibiotics, hydralazine)

Anatomy Of The Lymphatic And Immune Systems

Antigen-antibody interaction * Site of interaction of antibodies (paratope) to form an insoluble complex with the corresponding antigen molecule (epitope) * Participation: hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces * Antigen-antibody complex is reversible.

According to antigen presentation, 6 types of antigens 1) thymus-dependent antigens * often mainly protein Ag * antigen-specific humoral immune response is necessary for cooperation with TH lymphocytes (or the response is not sufficient) * help in the form of produced cytokines. by TH lymphocytes

7 types of antigens according to antigen presentation 2) Thymus-neutralizing antigens * Small amounts of antigens can cause the production of antibodies without the involvement of T lymphocytes * These are mainly bacterial polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide and polymer protein types (for example, Haemophilus). Str.pneumoniae).

Lymphatic System: Definition, Anatomy, Function, And Diseases

Superantigens * stimulate lymphocytes polyclonally and massively * high activation of T lymphocytes can cause shock * e.g. Bacterial toxins (Staph.aureus, Str.pyogenes, Pseud.aeruginosa)

9 Sequestered antigens * normally hidden from the immune system and therefore unknown (eg lens, testes, brain) * stimulate the immune system if accidentally “exposed” (one of the concepts of autoimmune disease. processes)

Components of the immune system * Lymphoid tissues and organs * Cells of the immune system * Molecules of the immune system

Innate And Adaptive Immunity In The Pathogenesis Of Atherosclerosis

Lymphoid tissues and organs * Primary lymphoid tissues and organs connected to other organs and tissues by a network of lymphatics and blood vessels * Bone marrow, thymus * Site of maturation and differentiation of non-immune cells * Immature lymphocytes acquire their antigenic properties.

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues and Organs * Area where immune cells interact with Ag Spleen – filter blood unlike lymph nodes and contain antigens present in lymph nodes and organized masses (tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patch in intestine) – filter lymph and hold on Current antigens MALT (mucous-associated lymphoid tissue) – lymph tissue expands, and the main role is antigens that penetrate the mucous membrane.

Cells of the immune system * The development of red and white blood cells begins in the yolk sac, then hematopoiesis moves to the fetal liver and spleen (from 3 to 7 months of gestation), the main hematopoietic function is the bone marrow * All blood cells are produced from multiple stem cells. cell (CD34) * Stem cells self-renew and maintained throughout life * Hematopoiesis is regulated by cytokines secreted by bone marrow stromal cells, activated TH cells and macrophages.

The Lymphatic System 3: Its Role In The Immune System

Non-specific immune system * non-adaptive, innate * evolutionary * no immune memory * reacts rapidly to the presence of pathogens, within minutes (by pre-programmed molecules and cells in the body) * intracellular – phagocytes (some are APC), humor NK cells – complement, interferon, lectins and other serum proteins

Specific immune system * adaptive, antigen-specific * evolutionarily small * has immune memory * takes several days and weeks to develop a fully-specific immune response * class cellular – T lymphocytes (TCR) mock – antibodies.

21 Function and Structure of the Mucosal and Skin Immune System Mucous membranes and skin are in constant contact with the external environment, 80% of which are immune cells. Skin – a barrier to mechanical, physical and chemical damage, and on the penetration of microorganisms, people have a surface of about 1, 5 m2 mucosal immune system – to prevent the development of self-injury inflammatory immune reactions against pathogens. Harmful antigens from outside, mucosa of about 400 m2

Heterogeneity In The Initiation, Development And Function Of Type 2 Immunity

22 Natural non-immune defense mechanisms are the intact mucous membranes and skin and the immune system necessary to protect the body from disease. Mechanical – movement of cilia, airflow in the airways or fluid flow in the urinary tract Chemical – fatty acids on the skin; lysozyme in saliva, tears and sweat; Antibacterial defenses, acid pH microorganisms in stomach and urine – non-pathogenic microflora

23 Structure of the Mucosal Immune System MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue) BALT (trachea associated lymphoid tissue) GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) NALT (nasal associated lymphoid tissue) o-MALT (organized) – from mucosal lymphoid tissue; and adenoids, appendix, Peirce’s patch D-MALT (diffuse) – includes diffuse leukocytes in the lamina propria (T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells).

The humoral immune system of the mucosal system is sIgA * (secreted immunoglobulin A) * the most prominent mucosal immunoglobulin, in breast milk * Transcytosis – IgA is transported through the epithelium using the Fc receptor (poly-Ig receptor), IgA is cleaved. by the luminal side. With a receptor known as a secretory organelle, it shields IgA from intestinal proteins * removes antigens on mucosal surfaces, does not activate complement, binds to Fc receptors on phagocytes, captures IgA in Peyer’s patches and can cause an immune response .

Covid 19 And The Immune System: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly

SIgM * secretory immunoglobulin M * applied to newborns and in selected IgA deficiency * highly susceptible to intestinal protein degradation * removes antigens on mucosal surfaces IgG * penetrates mucous membranes * acts especially on lower airways.

Stimulation of mucosal immune response * M cells – specialized enterocytes that provide Ag transport (endocytic Ag from the environment) are in close contact with lymphocytes and APC * Mucosal vaccination leads to stimulation of TH2 and TH3 lymphocytes and IgA production.

29 Inflammation * is the sum of physiological responses to violations of the body’s integrity, protecting damaged areas from contamination, localization of injury, and healing. * The first signs of an inflammatory response come from mast cells, phagocytes, and damaged cells and the release of extracellular material.

Primary And Secondary Responses

30 Local response to inflammation – increased permeability of blood vessels (vasoactive amines, complement components C3a, C5a, leukotrienes, inflammation at the site of inflammation) – increased expression of adhesion molecules on endothelia – activation of blood coagulation, fibrin and fibrin. Complement system – effect. Local neuroreceptors (prostaglandins, pain) – changes in temperature (IL-1, IL-6, TNF, prostaglandins)

31 Systemic response inflammation – depends on extent of damage and duration of local inflammation – fever (proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1, IFN ; stimulate hypothalamic center of thermoregulation) – activation of tissue metabolism – Hsp expression (HSP) shock-protein; (function as chaperones) – production of acute phase proteins (CRP, SAP, C3, C4, opsonization and complement act)

Increase in hepatic synthesis of some serum transport proteins (cereloplasmin, transferrin) – increase in synthesis of protein inhibitors ( macroglobulin) – leukocytosis, septic shock – entry of microorganisms into blood ( TNF) anaphylactic shock – with destruction and synthesis of complexbase. Allergies

Cells And Organs Of The Immune System

Removal of damaged cells with phagocytes – Activation of fibroplastic mechanisms – Activation of angiogenesis – Tissue regeneration and repair

35 Phagocytosis = the ability to absorb particles from the environment by phagocytosis * Neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages Granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages granulocytes provide protection – immediately resulting in neutrophils not expressing MHCGI. Not APC) Macrophages – elimination of their own apoptotic cells, complete functional defense against specific cellular parasites after activation by cytokines (IFNg, TNF).

36 The ratio of phagocytes in damaged and infected tissues is 7% of peripheral neutrophils and phagocytes 93% of neutrophils and phagocytes in the marrow * This ratio changes due to inflammatory cytokines and bacterial products * Injury site is caused by expression of phagocytosis (endothelium). increases cytokines stimulating adhesion molecules ) * first interaction reduces neutrophil activity, rolling;

Immune Regulation By Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Directing Innate And Adaptive Immunity, Coagulation, And Inflammation

38 * Then there is a strong connection between endothelial cells and leukocytes and then penetration between cells in the tissue – diapedesis, extravasation * Phagocytes are directed to the site of inflammation by chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1a and b, MCP-) . 1, RANTES, C3a, C5a, bacterial products…), for which phagocytes have receptors.

39 receptors on phagocytes PAMPs – “pathogen-associated molecular patterns” depend on microorganisms present on bacteria, but not on intact cells * Mannose receptor * Galactose receptor * CD14 (binds bacterial LPS)

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